他汀类药物安全性研究进展(2)
他汀类药物治疗与癌症发生间的关联
有观点认为,降低LDL-C会提高癌症发生的风险。Dale等[15]分析了26项临床试验的数据,发现他汀类药物治疗对癌症发生率没有显著影响(OR=1.02,95% CI为0.97 ~ 1.07),对癌症死亡率也无显著影响(OR=1.01,95% CI为0.93 ~ 1.09),认为他汀类药物治疗对癌症的影响是中性的。
他汀类药物治疗与新发糖尿病间的关联
一项对1994-2009年间发表的合计包括91 140例患者的13项他汀类药物随机、对照试验的荟萃分析发现,使用他汀类药物治疗患者的新发糖尿病风险提高了9%[16]。这种风险在老年患者中最高,但在水溶性他汀类药物(普伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀)和脂溶性他汀类药物(阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀和洛伐他汀)间没有明显差异,似为他汀类药物的类效应。另一项荟萃分析纳入了5项他汀类药物随机、对照研究,这些研究合计包括平均随访期为4.9年的32 752例基线无糖尿病的患者。结果表明,与中等剂量他汀类药物治疗组相比,使用高剂量他汀类药物治疗组患者的糖尿病风险提高了12%,而心血管事件风险降低16%[17]。目前认为,他汀类药物治疗所致的糖尿病风险呈剂量依赖性。此外,基线空腹血糖水平、体质指数、空腹甘油三酯水平升高和高血压都是新发糖尿病的独立预测因素。同时存在上述4个危险因素的患者的糖尿病风险为25%,而无危险因素者的糖尿病风险仅为2%。与未发生糖尿病的患者相比,新发糖尿病患者的主要心血管事件发生率没有明显增加。
综合以上研究结果可见,他汀类药物治疗对心血管的保护作用大于新发糖尿病的风险,但对无明显心血管危险因素且糖耐量异常患者需密切监测其血糖水平。
结语
目前认为,使用中、低剂量他汀类药物治疗的不良反应风险很低,但临床上仍需予于监测。当存在大剂量用药、老年、合并症和药物相互作用等危险因素时,应对患者密切监测。对基础肝功能异常的患者,给予他汀类药物治疗前应评估其肝脏病变的性质和心血管风险,如觉利大于弊,可在进行保肝治疗和密切监测的基础上慎用他汀类药物。但对有活动性肝病的患者,不建议使用他汀类药物。他汀类药物对绝大多数患者是安全、有效的,临床实践中不需为预防不良事件而减少他汀类药物使用。不过,对高风险患者,应考虑到他汀类药物的一级预防作用尚未得到确认,故须评估风险-益处比并在用药期间加强监测。
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